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                <text>AE Sestertius of Antoninus Pius</text>
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                <text>money; coins (money)</text>
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                <text>Antoninus Pius was one of the “The Five Good Emperors” that helped the Roman Empire prosper under his rule. In that period the empire expanded in size and experienced a time of great peace. The front of coin displays the side profile of his face, adorned with a Civic Crown, symbolizing triumph or victory. On the reverse side of the coin is Annona, the goddess of grain for the city of Rome. Grain was one of the most important resources during that time. The coin symbolizes the Empire’s success and how important resources were plentiful under Antoninus Pius' rule. </text>
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                <text>Sear 4205; RIC 3-1031</text>
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                <text>ARTH250 (Professor V. Rousseau, Fall 2021)</text>
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                <text>University Art Collection, University of St. Thomas (St. Paul)</text>
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                  <text>The era when Rome was ruled by a Republican (quasi-democratic oligarchy) government via the Senate and Council.</text>
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                <text>The obverse side of the coin pictures the winged bust of Victory, possibly chosen in hopes for success in the Jugurthine War. The reverse pictures Mars, the god of war, holding a spear and a trophy next to grain. Also on the reverse is an apex, which is the headwear that Roman priests (Flamen) would wear. The minter, L. Valerius Flaccus, was also the Flamen Martialis, which meant that he was one of the three highest priests of the official state cult of Mars. Altogether, the portrayal of both Victory and Mars on a coin shows praise and prayer to the gods for their continued support against their enemies.</text>
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